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The US Federal Aviation Administration has adopted the name ''unmanned aircraft'' (UA) to describe aircraft systems without a flight crew on board.〔 More common names include ''UAV'', ''drone'', ''remotely piloted vehicle'' (''RPV''), ''remotely piloted aircraft'' (''RPA''), and ''remotely operated aircraft'' (''ROA''). These "limited-size" (as defined by the ''Fédération Aéronautique Internationale'') unmanned aircraft flown in the USA's National Airspace System, flown solely for recreation and sport purposes, such as models, are generally flown under the voluntary safety standards of the Academy of Model Aeronautics,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Model "Academy of Model Aeronautics National Model Aircraft Safety Code" )〕 the United States' national aeromodeling organization. To operate a UA for non-recreational purposes in the United States, according to the FAA users must obtain a ''Certificate of Authorization'' (COA) to operate in national airspace. == Regulation == The FAA Modernization and Reform Act of 2012 sets a deadline of September 30, 2015, for the agency to establish regulations to allow the use of commercial drones. In the meantime, the agency claims it is illegal to operate commercial unmanned aerial vehicles, but approves non-commercial flights under 400 feet if they follow Advisory Circular 91-57, Model Aircraft Operating Standards, published in 1981.〔() 〕 However, the FAA's attempt to fine a commercial drone operator for a 2011 flight were thrown out on March 6, 2014 by NTSB judge Patrick Geraghty, who found that the FAA had not followed the proper rulemaking procedures and therefore had no UAV regulations. The FAA will appeal the judgment. Texas EquuSearch, which performs volunteer search and rescue operations, was also challenging FAA rules in 2014.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Texas EquuSearch petitions the court to reverse FAA's ban on volunteer UAS Search & Rescue operations - AMA Government Relations Blog )〕 As of August 2013, commercial unmanned aerial system〔Ahlers, Mike. November 7, 2013. (FAA takes initial steps to introduce private drones in U.S. skies ) CNN. Retrieved December 3, 2013.〕 (UAS) licenses were granted on a case-by-case basis, subject to approval by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). Previously, COAs required a public entity as a sponsor. For example, when BP needed to observe oil spills, they operated the Aeryon Scout UAVs under a COA granted to the University of Alaska Fairbanks. COAs have been granted for both land and shipborne operations. In 2014, the FAA approved at least ten applications from specific companies for commercial use of drones, including movie-makers and surveyors. In December 2013, the FAA announced six operators it was authorizing to conduct research on drone technology, to inform its pending regulations and future developments. These were the University of Alaska (including locations in Hawaii and Oregon), the state of Nevada, Griffiss International Airport in New York State, the North Dakota Department of Commerce, Texas A&M University–Corpus Christi, and Virginia Tech.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=FAA Selects Six Sites for Unmanned Aircraft Research )〕 In addition to FAA certification, the regulation of usage of UA systems by government authorities in the United States for law enforcement purposes is determined at a state level. As of September 2014, 20 U.S. states had enacted legislation addressing the use of UA systems and the handling of data collected by them.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Current Unmanned Aircraft State Law Landscape )〕 Nearly all enacted laws require a probable cause warrant to be issued before the use of a UA system for surveillance purposes is authorized.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Status of 2014 Domestic Drone Legislation in the States )〕 In May 2014, a group of major news media companies filed an ''amicus'' brief in a case before the U.S.'s National Transportation Safety Board, asserting that the FAA's "overly broad" administrative limitations against private UAS operations cause an "impermissible chilling effect on the First Amendment newsgathering rights of journalists", the brief being filed three months before a scheduled rollout of FAA commercial operator regulations.〔 ''FAA v. Pirker'' brief is posted (here ).〕 The FAA is required by Congress to come up with rules for commercial use of drones by 2015. On January 12, 2015, CNN announced that their News Network has been cleared by the FAA, in the first program of its kind to test camera-equipped drones for news gathering and reporting purposes. CNN has partnered with the Georgia Tech Research Institute to collect data for the program. The FAA said it will analyze the information to develop rules about using drones for news gathering.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=CNN cleared to test drones for reporting )〕 On February 15, 2015, The FAA announced that up to seven thousand businesses could get approval to fly drones two years from now under proposed rules by the FAA. On Sunday the White House also issued a presidential directive that mandates federal agencies for the first time to disclose publicly where they are flying drones and what they do with the data they acquire using aerial surveillance. To show problems with the FAA process, in August, 2015 an attorney was able to get FAA approval for a commercial drone that was actually a battery powered paper airplane toy. Its controllable range is 120 feet (37 meters) and maximum flight time is 10 minutes. It is too underpowered to carry a camera.〔(Lawyer gets FAA to approve paper airplane )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Regulation of UAVs in the United States」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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